Preface
In my previous article I explained how and why to use enums instead of switch/case control structure in Java code. Here I will show how how to extend functionality of existing enums.
Introduction
Java enum is a kind of a compiler magic. In the byte code any enum is represented as a class that extends abstract class java.lang.Enum and has several static members. Therefore enum cannot extend any other class or enum: there is no multiple inheritance.Class cannot extend enum as well. This limitation is enforced by compiler.
Here is a simple enum:
enum Color {red, green, blue}
This class tries to extend it:
class SubColor extends Color {}
This is the result of an attempt to compile class SubColor:
$ javac SubColor.java
SubColor.java:1: error: cannot inherit from final Color
class SubColor extends Color {}
^
SubColor.java:1: error: enum types are not extensible
class SubColor extends Color {}
^
2 errors
Enum cannot either extend or be extended. So, how is it possible to extend its functionality? The key word is "functionality". Enum can implement methods. For example enum Color may declare abstract method draw() and each member can override it:enum Color { red { @Override public void draw() { } }, green { @Override public void draw() { } }, blue { @Override public void draw() { } }, ; public abstract void draw(); }
This article suggests the following solutions for this problem.Popular usage of this technique is explained here. Unfortunately it is no always possible to implement method in enum itself because:
- the enum may belong to third party library or other team in the company
- the enum is probably overloaded with too many other data and functions so it becomes not readable
- the enum belongs to module that does not have dependencies required for implementation of method draw().
Mirror enum
We cannot modify enum Color? No problem! Let's create enum DrawableColor that has exactly same elements as Color. This new enum will implement our method draw():enum DrawableColor { red { @Override public void draw() { } }, green { @Override public void draw() { } }, blue { @Override public void draw() { } }, ; public abstract void draw(); }This enum is a kind of reflection of source enum Color, i.e. Color is its mirror.But how to use the new enum? All our code uses Color, not DrawableColor. The simplest way to implement this transition is using built-in enum methods name() and valueOf() as following:Color color = ... DrawableColor.valueOf(color.name()).draw();Since name() method is final and cannot be overridden and valueOf() is generated by a compiler these methods are always fit each other, so no functional problems are expected here. Performance of such transition is good also: method name() even does not create new String but returns pre-initialized one (see source code of java.lang.Enum). Method valueOf() is implemented using Map, so its complexity is O(1).
The code above contains obvious problem. If source enum Color is changed the secondary enum DrawableColor does not know this fact, so the trick with name() and valueOf() will fail at runtime. We do not want this to happen. But how to prevent possible failure? We have to let DrawableColor to know that its mirror is Color and enforce this preferably at compile time or at least at unit test phase. Here we suggest validation during unit tests execution. Enum can implement static initializer that is executed when enum is mentioned in any code. This actually means that if static initializer validates that enum DrawableColor fits Color it is enough to implement test like following to be sure that the code will be never broken in production environment:@Test public void drawableColorFitsMirror { DrawableColor.values(); }Static initializer just have to compare elements of DrawableColor and Color and throw exception if they do not match. This code is simple and can be written for each particular case. Fortunately simple open source library named enumus already implements this functionality, so the task becomes trivial:enum DrawableColor { .... static { Mirror.of(Color.class); } }That's it. The test will fail if source enum and DrawableColor do not fit it any more. Utility class Mirror has other method that gets 2 arguments: classes of 2 enums that have to fit. This version can be called from any place in code and not only from enum that has to be validated.
EnumMap
Do we really have to define another enum that just holds implementation of one method? In fact, we do not have to. Here is an alternative solution. Let's define interface Drawer as following:public interface Drawer { void draw(); }Now let's create mapping between enum elements and implementation of interface Drawer:Map<Color, Drawer> drawers = new EnumMap<>(Color.class) {{ put(red, new Drawer() { @Override public void draw();}); put(green, new Drawer() { @Override public void draw();}) put(blue, new Drawer() { @Override public void draw();}) }}
The usage is simple:
drawers.get(color).draw();
EnumMap is chosen here as a Map implementation for better performance. Map guaranties that each enum element appears there only once. However, it does not guarantee that there is entry for each enum element. But it is enough to check that size of the map is equal to number of enum elements:
drawers.size() == Color.values().length
Enumus suggests convenient utility for this case also. The following code throws IllegalStateException with descriptive message if map does not fit Color:
EnumMapValidator.validateValues(Color.class, map, "Colors map");
It is important to call the validator from the code which is executed by unit test. In this case the map based solution is safe for future modifications of source enum.
EnumMap and Java 8 functional interface
Map<Color, Supplier<Void>> drawers = new EnumMap<>(Color.class) {{
put(red, new Supplier<Void>() { @Override public void get();});
put(green, new Supplier<Void>() { @Override public void get();})
put(blue, new Supplier<Void>() { @Override public void get();})
}}
Usage of this map is pretty similar to one from the previous example:
drawers.get(color).get();
This map can be validated exactly as the map that stores instances of Drawable.
Conclusions
This article shows how powerful can be Java enums if we put some logic inside. It also demonstrates two ways to expand the functionality of enums that work despite the language limitations. The article introduces to user the open source library named enumus that provides several useful utilities that help to operate enums easier.
